Where the words come from
Immigration weighted towards low-skill workers as a rightward shift in the supply of unskilled labour, lower wages in those jobs, who gains and who loses, the size of the wage effect (perhaps about one per cent) and why it is likely small (in part the minimum wage, and migrants thought to add to demand for local goods and services); migrants adding to both production and consumption — Principles of Economics 2e, OpenStax, licensed CC BY 4.0. https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/14-6-immigration. Changes: US jobs (lawn care, janitorial work) recast as UK hotel, restaurant and cleaning jobs; "federal and state minimum wage laws" to "the minimum wage"; the estimate kept and labelled as US evidence; the Clune hours study and the US state and federal budget discussion dropped; the recap's macro sentences are ours; British spelling.
Immigration increasing the number of workers and shifting the supply of labour to the right — Principles of Economics 2e, OpenStax, licensed CC BY 4.0. https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/4-1-demand-and-supply-at-work-in-labor-markets. Changes: "Policies that encourage immigration will increase the supply of labor" condensed into the card's definition; the care-home example is ours.
The definitions of immigration, emigration and net migration; net migration of 171,000 in the year ending December 2025, down from a peak of 944,000 in the year ending March 2023; the figures are provisional — Long-term international migration, provisional: year ending December 2025, Office for National Statistics (May 2026), Open Government Licence v3.0. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/bulletins/longterminternationalmigrationprovisional/yearendingdecember2025. Changes: Definitions condensed; "12 months" written as "a year"; in movement 2, "most migrants are of working age", the AD shift and the unchanged-price-level condition are ours; the OBR sentences come from the obr2010 and obr2024 sources.
Output per head largely unaffected if migrants had similar employment rates and productivity; little evidence of a significant effect on earnings or employment, with some evidence of a small effect in the low-skilled sector — Economic and fiscal outlook, November 2010, Box 3.2: Net migration and trend growth, Office for Budget Responsibility, Open Government Licence v3.0. https://obr.uk/box/net-migration-and-trend-growth/. Changes: "we might expect output per capita to be largely unaffected" to "suggested output per head would be largely unaffected"; "existing analysis suggest little evidence of a significant effect from immigration on earnings or employment" kept with its qualifier on the low-skilled sector; the rest of the movement and the mistake note's opening are ours.
Migrants' fiscal impact over their life cycle depending heavily on earnings level, age at arrival and length of stay — Fiscal risks and sustainability, September 2024, correction slip (November 2024), Office for Budget Responsibility, Open Government Licence v3.0. https://obr.uk/docs/dlm_uploads/Correction-slip-OBR-Fiscal-risks-and-sustainability-CP-1142.pdf. Changes: "the fiscal impact of migrants over their life cycle is heavily dependent on their earnings level, age at arrival and length of stay" condensed; the public-finances card and its example are ours.
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