Where the words come from
Redistribution, the ladder of opportunity, inheritance taxes, the trade-off between incentives and equality, the poverty trap as a loss of the incentive to work, and the view that some policies raise both equality and output — Principles of Economics 2e, OpenStax, licensed CC BY 4.0. https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/15-5-government-policies-to-reduce-income-inequality. Changes: US programmes (TANF, SNAP, the earned income tax credit, Medicaid) replaced by Universal Credit; the US estate tax given the UK name, inheritance tax, with the tax-free threshold and the estate-with-shares example ours; the ladder-of-opportunity table condensed into one card with UK examples (state schooling, apprenticeships, means-tested student support); the pound-for-pound benefit cut restated in pounds; the trade-off and its alternative condensed from Figure 15.10, with the chart ours and drawn from the figure's two panels; "public schooling" to "state schooling"; the cash-benefits card definition is ours, built on the section's support for the poor; British spelling; the closing sentence of the fourth explain, on which policy and how far, is ours.
A progressive tax, whose rates increase as income increases — Principles of Economics 2e, OpenStax, licensed CC BY 4.0. https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/30-2-taxation. Changes: "a household's income" to "income"; recast as a card definition; the example of UK income tax bands is ours, with no rates or thresholds quoted.
The Gini coefficient of UK household income before and after cash benefits and direct taxes, and the ratio of the richest to the poorest fifth before and after all taxes and benefits — Effects of taxes and benefits on UK household income: financial year ending 2024, Office for National Statistics (25 September 2025), Open Government Licence v3.0. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/personalandhouseholdfinances/incomeandwealth/bulletins/theeffectsoftaxesandbenefitsonhouseholdincome/2024. Changes: The figures quoted as the bulletin gives them (47.6, 37.3 and 32.9 per cent; 12.2 and 3.3 times); "equivalised" dropped; "almost a third" is our summary of the fall from 47.6 to 32.9 per cent (31 per cent of the starting value).
The response of declared income to Scotland's 2018 to 2019 income tax changes, by rate band, and the behaviours it captures — Estimating Scottish taxpayer behaviour in response to Scottish Income Tax changes introduced in 2018 to 2019, HM Revenue and Customs (December 2021), GOV.UK, Open Government Licence v3.0. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/estimating-scottish-taxpayer-behaviour-in-response-to-scottish-income-tax-changes-introduced-in-2018-to-2019. Changes: Findings condensed from the summary and results: "little to no evidence of a behavioural effect" below the higher rate, some at the higher rate, the largest at the top rate, "the size of the behavioural response generally increased with income", and "most of our results are not statistically significant"; the behaviours (tax avoidance, hours worked, time invested in a personal business) paraphrased; elasticity figures left out.
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