Where the words come from
The supporters' and opponents' case on foreign aid, the Ethiopia meningitis funding, the Tanzania wheat project, William Easterly's argument and his alternative of a stable, market-oriented economy, and the modest role of targeted aid — Principles of Economics 2e, OpenStax, licensed CC BY 4.0. https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-2e/pages/32-2-improving-countries-standards-of-living. Changes: The Clear It Up "Does foreign aid to low-income countries work?" condensed; the OECD total in dollars and the CIDA dollar figure dropped; 2e's "about 1.3 percent of their GDP" and its undated Burundi figure (42 per cent of national income) dropped as out of date and replaced by World Bank data; "nomadic pastoralists" to "herders"; the Facebook and Google examples dropped; British spelling.
The definition of official development assistance and of multilateral aid, the UK's aid as a share of national income from 2013 to 2025, the planned cut to 0.3 per cent by 2027, and aid spent on refugees and asylum seekers in the UK — Statistics on International Development: provisional UK Official Development Assistance spend 2025 (April 2026) and final UK ODA spend 2024 (September 2025), Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, Open Government Licence v3.0. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statistics-on-international-development-provisional-uk-official-development-assistance-spend-2025/statistics-on-international-development-provisional-uk-official-development-assistance-spend-2025 and https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statistics-on-international-development-final-uk-oda-spend-2024/statistics-on-international-development-final-uk-oda-spend-2024. Changes: "GNI" given as national income; £13,036 million rounded to £13.0 billion and £2,395 million to £2.4 billion; the 0.7 per cent history, the 0.5 per cent cut from 2021 and the 0.3 per cent plan paraphrased; the 2022 and 2023 ratios dropped.
Net official development assistance received as a share of gross national income in 2023, for low-income countries as a group and for Burundi — World Development Indicators, Net ODA received (% of GNI), indicator DT.ODA.ODAT.GN.ZS, World Bank, 2023 data (database updated 13 July 2026), licensed CC BY 4.0. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.GN.ZS. Changes: 8.18 per cent (low income) rounded to about 8 per cent and 18.28 per cent (Burundi) to 18 per cent; "GNI" given as national income; values read from the World Bank API on 29 September 2026. The rest of the block (Easterly's alternative and the modest role of targeted aid) is condensed from OpenStax 2e 32.2, credited in that source.
Questions, options, diagrams and feedback are our own. Figures credited to a source above are that source's; every other figure is invented to show the method.